Python:强制新式的类

时间:2010-08-11 23:02:50

标签: python oop class coerce

我希望此代码“正常工作”:

def main():
    c = Castable()
    print c/3
    print 2-c
    print c%7
    print c**2
    print "%s" % c
    print "%i" % c
    print "%f" % c

当然,最简单的方法是编写int(c)/3,但我想为配置迷你语言启用更简单的perl-ish语法。

值得注意的是,如果我使用“旧式”类(不从对象继承),我可以通过定义__coerce__方法非常简单地做到这一点,但是旧式类已被弃用并且将是在python3中删除。

当我使用新式类做同样的事情时,我收到此错误:

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'Castable' and 'int'

我相信这是设计的,但是我怎样才能用新式的类来模拟旧式的__coerce__行为呢?你可以在下面找到我目前的解决方案,但它非常难看且冗长。

这是相关文件:(我认为)

奖励积分:

    print pow(c, 2, 100)

5 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:9)

如果您希望__div__正常工作,则需要定义c/3。 Python不会首先将您的对象转换为数字。

答案 1 :(得分:6)

这是有效的,经过几次改进(@jchl的道具)后不那么严重,但似乎它应该是不必要的,特别是考虑到你可以通过“旧式”课程免费获得。

我仍在寻找更好的答案。如果没有更好的方法,这在我看来就像是Python语言中的回归。

def ops_list():
    "calculate the list of overloadable operators"
    #<type 'object'> has functions but no operations
    not_ops = dir(object)

    #calculate the list of operation names
    ops = set()
    for mytype in (int, float, str):
        for op in dir(mytype):
            if op.endswith("__") and op not in not_ops:
                ops.add(op)
    return sorted(ops)

class MetaCastable(type):
    __ops = ops_list()

    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):
        #pass any undefined ops to self.__op__
        def add_op(op):
            if op in dict:
                return
            fn = lambda self, *args: self.__op__(op, args)
            fn.__name__ = op
            dict[op] = fn

        for op in mcs.__ops:
            add_op( op )
        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)


class Castable(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaCastable
    def __str__(self):
        print "str!"
        return "<Castable>"
    def __int__(self):
        print "int!"
        return 42
    def __float__(self):
        print "float!"
        return 2.718281828459045

    def __op__(self, op, args):
        try:
            other = args[0]
        except IndexError:
            other = None
        print "%s %s %s" % (self, op, other)
        self, other = coerce(self, other)
        return getattr(self, op)(*args)

    def __coerce__(self, other):
        print "coercing like %r!" % other
        if other is None: other = 0.0
        return (type(other)(self), other)

答案 2 :(得分:3)

class MetaCastable(type):
    __binary_ops = ( 
            'add', 'sub', 'mul', 'floordiv', 'mod', 'divmod', 'pow', 'lshift', 
            'rshift', 'and', 'xor', 'or', 'div', 'truediv',
    )

    __unary_ops = ( 'neg', 'pos', 'abs', 'invert', )

    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):
        def make_binary_op(op):
            fn = lambda self, other: self.__op__(op, other)
            fn.__name__ = op
            return fn

        for opname in mcs.__binary_ops:
            for op in ( '__%s__', '__r%s__' ):
                op %= opname
                if op in dict:
                    continue
                dict[op] = make_binary_op(op)

        def make_unary_op(op):
            fn = lambda self: self.__op__(op, None)
            fn.__name__ = op
            return fn

        for opname in mcs.__unary_ops:
            op = '__%s__' % opname
            if op in dict:
                continue
            dict[op] = make_unary_op(op)

        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)

class Castable(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaCastable
    def __str__(self):
        print "str!"
        return "<Castable>"
    def __int__(self):
        print "int!"
        return 42
    def __float__(self):
        print "float!"
        return 2.718281828459045

    def __op__(self, op, other):
        if other is None:
            print "%s(%s)" % (op, self)
            self, other = coerce(self, 0.0)
            return getattr(self, op)()
        else:
            print "%s %s %s" % (self, op, other)
            self, other = coerce(self, other)
            return getattr(self, op)(other)

    def __coerce__(self, other):
        print "coercing like %r!" % other
        return (type(other)(self), other)

答案 3 :(得分:0)

class Castable(object):
    def __div__(self, other):
        return 42 / other

答案 4 :(得分:0)

新样式类比旧样式类运行得更快,更精确。因此,没有更昂贵的__getattr____getattribute____coerce__要求任何廉价的理由和可疑的顺序。

旧样式__coerce__也存在问题,即使您已经为某些特殊目的重载了运算符方法,它也会被调用。并且它要求转换为相同的常见类型,并且仅限于某些二进制操作。考虑一下int / float / string的所有其他方法和属性 - 以及pow()。由于所有这些限制,PY3中缺少coerce。问题示例旨在实现相当广泛的虚拟化。

对于新的样式类,它只是一个循环来提供许多类似的&#34;代码很少的方法,或者将这些调用路由到虚拟处理程序,然后以正确和细粒度的方式快速精确定义和子类化。这不是Python语言中的回归&#34;。

但是,我不会使用其他答案中显示的元类,仅用于这样的循环或提供简单的基类行为。那将是用大锤打破坚果。

这是一个用于虚拟化&#34;变体&#34;

的示例助手
def Virtual(*methods):
    """Build a (new style) base or mixin class, which routes method or
    operator calls to one __virtualmeth__ and attribute lookups to
    __virtualget__ and __virtualset__ optionally.

    *methods (strings, classes): Providing method names to be routed
    """
    class VirtualBase(object):  
        def __virtualmeth__(self, methname, *args, **kw):
            raise NotImplementedError
    def _mkmeth(methname, thing):
        if not callable(thing):
            prop = property(lambda self:self.__virtualget__(methname),
                            lambda self, v:self.__virtualset__(methname, v))
            return prop
        def _meth(self, *args, **kw):
            return self.__virtualmeth__(methname, *args, **kw)
        _meth.__name__ = methname
        return _meth
    for m in methods:
        for name, thing in (isinstance(m, str) and
                            {m:lambda:None} or m.__dict__).items():
            if name not in ('__new__', '__init__', '__setattr__', ##'__cmp__',
                            '__getattribute__', '__doc__', ):   ##'__getattr__', 
                setattr(VirtualBase, name, _mkmeth(name, thing))
    return VirtualBase

这是一个用例示例:Anaphor! (PY2和PY3):

import operator
class Anaphor(Virtual(int, float, str)):   
    """remember a sub-expression comfortably:

    A = Anaphor()      # at least per thread / TLS
    if re.search(...) >> A:
        print(A.groups(), +A)
    if A(x % 7) != 0:
        print(A, 1 + A, A < 3.0, A.real, '%.2f' % A, +A)
    """
    value = 0
    def __virtualmeth__(self, methname, *args, **kw):
        try: r = getattr(self.value, methname)(*args, **kw)
        except AttributeError:
            return getattr(operator, methname)(self.value, *args, **kw)
        if r is NotImplemented: # simple type -> coerce
            try: tcommon = type(self.value + args[0])    # PY2 coerce
            except: return NotImplemented
            return getattr(tcommon(self.value), methname)(*args, **kw)
        return r
    def __call__(self, value):   
        self.value = value
        return value
    __lshift__ = __rrshift__ = __call__     # A << x;  x >> A
    def __pos__(self):                      # real = +A
        return self.value
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self.value, name)
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Anaphor:%r>' % self.value

无缝地它还处理3-arg opertor pow() :-):

>>> A = Anaphor()
>>> x = 1
>>> if x + 11 >> A:
...     print repr(A), A, +A, 'y' * A, 3.0 < A, pow(A, 2, 100)
...     
<Anaphor:12> 12 12 yyyyyyyyyyyy True 44