派生类可以隐式访问其基类成员函数,除非我弄错了。派生类也可以通过对它们进行前缀调用来访问其基类的属性:BaseClass.base_attribute。但我似乎不明白派生类的实例如何使用基类的方法。例如:
class Visitor():
""" Interface to Visitor
provide an interface to visitors that
perform an operation on a data collection """
def visitProduce():
pass
def visitMeat():
pass
def visitBakedGoods():
pass
def visitDairy():
pass
def visitNonFood():
pass
class PriceVisitor(Visitor):
__cost = 0.0 # total cost of groceries
def __init__(self):
self.__cost = 0.0
def visitProduce(self, p):
self.__cost += p.price()
def visitMeat(self, m):
self.__cost += m.price()
def visitBakedGoods(self, b):
self.__cost += b.price()
def visitDairy(self, d):
self.__cost += d.price()
def visitNonFood(self, nf):
self.__cost += nf.price()
class Groceries():
shopping_cart = [] # list of grocery items
def Groceries(self):
self.shopping_cart = []
def addProduce(self, p):
pass
def addMeat(self, m, lb):
pass
def addBakedGoods(self, b):
pass
def addDairy(self, d):
pass
def addNonFood(self, nf):
pass
def accept(self, v):
pass
def getShoppingCart(self):
print(self.shopping_cart)
def calculateCost(self, v):
for item in self.shopping_cart:
item.accept(v)
item.details()
print('Total cost is: $', v.__cost)
class Produce(Groceries):
def addProduce(self):
Groceries.shopping_cart.append(self)
def accept(self, v):
v.visitProduce(self)
def price(self):
return self.__price
def details(self):
print(self.__name, ' for: $', self.__price + '')
class Apples(Produce):
__name = None
__price = 3.25
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name
这是对Apple,Produce,Groceries和PriceVisitor类的测试
import VisitorPattern as vp
def main():
# Visitor object
my_visitor = vp.PriceVisitor()
# Grocery object stores objects in its shopping_cart attribute
my_groceries = vp.Groceries()
# Add items
red_apple = vp.Apples('red apple')
gold_apple = vp.Apples('gold apple')
red_apple.addProduce()
gold_apple.addProduce()
my_groceries.getShoppingCart()
my_groceries.calculateCost(my_visitor)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
现在,我理解它的方式是,在构建Apple实例时,它可以访问Produce的方法price()。使用Apple类的实例调用此方法将传递其自己的实例来代替'self'。然后程序返回属于调用方法的实例的__price属性的值,在本例中为Apple。但是,我收到了这个错误:
C:\Users\josep_000\Documents\School\Summer 2015\Python Assignment 4>python test.
py
[<VisitorPattern.Apples object at 0x026E0830>, <VisitorPattern.Apples object at
0x026E0910>]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 23, in <module>
main()
File "test.py", line 20, in main
my_groceries.calculateCost(my_visitor)
File "C:\Users\josep_000\Documents\School\Summer 2015\Python Assignment 4\Visi
torPattern.py", line 60, in calculateCost
item.accept(v)
File "C:\Users\josep_000\Documents\School\Summer 2015\Python Assignment 4\Visi
torPattern.py", line 71, in accept
v.visitProduce(self)
File "C:\Users\josep_000\Documents\School\Summer 2015\Python Assignment 4\Visi
torPattern.py", line 28, in visitProduce
self.__cost += p.price()
File "C:\Users\josep_000\Documents\School\Summer 2015\Python Assignment 4\Visi
torPattern.py", line 74, in price
return self.__price
AttributeError: 'Apples' object has no attribute '_Produce__price'
绑定和命名空间如何在继承中实际工作?我可以在每个Produce的派生类中编写price()方法,但这会破坏继承点。我认为我的问题还源于名称修改,但仍然不知道如果我不使我的属性“私有”会发生什么。澄清会很棒。感谢
我宣布Groceries的构造函数错误:
# Wrong way
def Groceries(self):
self.shopping_cart = []
# Should be
def __init__(self):
self.__shopping_cart = []
全职工作和晚上的家庭作业的产物
答案 0 :(得分:2)
继承中名称空间的顺序是什么?
Python使用Method Resolution Order来查找绑定到该对象实例的方法。
它还会调用名称修改,这就是找不到方法_Produce__price
的原因。您正在尝试使用.__price
但是当它被继承时,Python会将该类的名称添加到名称的前面。不要使用两个下划线,将两个下划线更改为一个,并且您的代码将按预期工作,并且您将始终查找._price
,这将不会调用名称修改。
有关详细信息,请参阅文档:
https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/classes.html#private-variables-and-class-local-references
答案 1 :(得分:0)
并非真正直接回答您的所有问题,但我希望以下代码能够阐明如何在Python中进行继承。
class Produce(object):
def __init__(self, name=None, price=None):
self.__name = name
self.__price = price
def __str__(self):
return self.__name
@property
def bulk_price(self):
return self.__price * 100
class Apple(Produce):
def __init__(self, name="Apple"):
self.__name = name
self.__price = 3.25
super(self.__class__, self).__init__(self.__name, self.__price)
a = Apple("Gold Apple")
print a
print a.bulk_price
# Gold Apple
# 325.0
正如您所看到的,我在两个课程中都无法访问name
和price
。这样,我就不能明确地称它们为a.__price
。通过在子类中使用super
,我可以避免在仍然可以访问其方法的情况下进一步引用基类。
答案 2 :(得分:0)
我看到了你的错误,你的父母需要调用孩子的功能,但是你没有将孩子转移到父母,所以它会得到错误。现在我举个例子:
class A:
def __init__(self, handler):
self.a = 5
self.real_handler = handler
def get(self):
print "value a = %d"%self.a
self.real_handler.put()
class B(A):
def __init__(self):
A.__init__(self, self) ##transport B to A
self.b = 3
def get(self):
print "value b is %d"%self.b
A.get(self)
def put(self):
self.b = 6
print "value b change into %d"%self.b
if __name__=="__main__":
b = B()
b.get()
在父B中,它将调用孩子A的功能put()
。我希望这可以帮到你。