我正在尝试根据最长的公共前缀cpfx匹配文件,并且对haskell来说有点新鲜。我试图获取列表列表,只需返回它们共享的前缀。例如:
cpfx ["obscure","obscures","obscured","obscuring"] --> "obscur"
cpfx ["abc", "ab", "abcd"] --> "ab"
我正在尝试使用几个辅助方法,如下所示:
cpfx :: [[Char]] -> [Char]
cpfx [] = [] -- nothing, duh
cpfx (x:[]) = x -- only one thing to test, return it
cpfx (x:t) = cpfx' (x:t) 0 -- otherwise, need to test
cpfx' (x:[]) _ = []
cpfx' (x:t) n
-- call ifMatch to see if every list matches at that location, then check the next one
| ifMatch (x:t) n = x!!n + cpfx' x (n+1)
| otherwise = []
-- ifMatch means if all words match at that location in the list
ifMatch (x:[]) _ = True
ifMatch (x:xs:[]) n = x!!n == xs!!n
ifMatch (x:xs:t) n
| x!!n == x!!n = ifMatch xs n
| otherwise = False
但我收到错误:
Occurs check: cannot construct the infinite type: a0 = [a0]
我猜这与ifMatch (x:t) n = x!!n + cpfx' x (n+1)
行有关。
我可以做些什么来纠正这种情况?
答案 0 :(得分:4)
注意:虽然我将向您展示如何理解和解决这些错误,但我也会在下面提供一个更优雅的版本(至少从我的角度来看)。
每当你最终得到一个无限类型时,最好添加类型签名:
cpfx' :: [[Char]] -> Int -> [Char]
ifMatch :: [[Char]] -> Int -> Bool
突然间,我们获得了额外的错误,其中两个是
| ifMatch (x:t) n = x!!n + cpfx' x (n+1)
Couldn't match expected type `[Char]' with actual type `Char' Expected type: [[Char]] Actual type: [Char] In the first argument of `(!!)', namely `x' In the first argument of `(+)', namely `x !! n'
No instance for (Num [Char]) arising from a use of `+'
和ifMatch
中的一个:
| x!!n == x!!n = ifMatch xs n
Couldn't match expected type `[Char]' with actual type `Char' Expected type: [[Char]] Actual type: [Char] In the first argument of `ifMatch', namely `xs' In the expression: ifMatch xs n
现在,cpfx'
中的错误非常简单:x
是[Char]
,x !! n
是Char
,并希望将其纳入列表,因此请使用:
代替+
。此外,您要将cpfx'
应用于t
,而不是x
。这也解决了你的第二个错误。在ifMatch
中,x!!n == x!!n
是多余的,xs
的类型为[Char]
,因此ifMatch
的类型不正确。这也是一个错字:
| x!!n == xs!!n = ifMatch t n
但是,现在我们修复了那些编译错误,你的程序真的有意义吗?特别是,你期望这些行做什么:
ifMatch (x:xs) n = x!!n : cpfx' xs (n+1)
(x:xs)
是您的单词列表。但是,您在每次迭代中都会删除一个单词,这显然不是您的意思。你想要
ifMatch (x:xs) n = x!!n : cpfx' (x:xs) (n+1)
总的来说,我们得到以下代码:
cpfx :: [[Char]] -> [Char]
cpfx [] = []
cpfx [x] = x
cpfx (x:xs) = cpfx' (x:xs) 0
cpfx' :: [[Char]] -> Int -> [Char]
cpfx' [x] _ = []
cpfx' (x:xs) n
| ifMatch (x:xs) n = x!!n : cpfx' (x:xs) (n+1)
| otherwise = []
ifMatch :: [[Char]] -> Int -> Bool
ifMatch [x] _ = True
ifMatch [x,y] n = x!!n == y!!n
ifMatch (x:y:xs) n
| x!!n == y!!n = ifMatch xs n
| otherwise = False
让我们的函数变得更简单,但通过为实现commonPrefix
的任何类型编写==
来更通用:
commonPrefix :: (Eq e) => [e] -> [e] -> [e]
commonPrefix _ [] = []
commonPrefix [] _ = []
commonPrefix (x:xs) (y:ys)
| x == y = x : commonPrefix xs ys
| otherwise = []
如果您不习惯这种表示法,请暂时考虑e
Char
"hello" `commonPrefix` "hell" `commonPrefix` "hero"
。现在,某些单词的公共前缀可以写成:
foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
现在问题是,如果你想为一系列事情做点什么,你通常会使用fold:
foldl f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == (...((z `f` x1) `f` x2) `f`...) `f` xn
foldl,应用于二元运算符,起始值(通常是运算符的左侧标识)和列表,使用二元运算符从左到右缩小列表:
\
最后一个示例与line before! However, we do not have a starting value, so we would use the first element of our list instead. Luckily, there's already [
commonPrefix` commonPrefixAll :: (Eq a) => [[a]] -> [a]
commonPrefixAll = foldl1 commonPrefix
foldl1`] 2完全相同,就是这样。因此,我们之前复杂的功能归结为:
{{1}}
你应该记住的事情是:每当你想要遍历列表中的多个元素以提供单个值时,请考虑是否真的有必要在每次迭代中查看所有元素。通常,一次只关注两个元素然后使用正确的折叠就足够了。有关更多示例和信息,请参阅Computing one answer over a collection in Real World Haskell部分。
答案 1 :(得分:2)
您可以很容易地避免使用显式递归:
import Data.Maybe (isJust, fromJust)
commonPrefix = map fromJust . takeWhile isJust . map the . transpose'
the
获取一个列表,如果列表的元素不同则返回Nothing
,否则返回唯一元素:
the :: Eq a => [a] -> Maybe a
the [] = Nothing
the (x:xs)
| and $ map (==x) xs = Just x
| otherwise = Nothing
transpose'
与Data.List.transpose
类似,但会将结果截断为最短列表的长度:
transpose' xs = maybe [] id $ do
ys <- mapM ht xs
return $ (map fst ys) : (transpose' (map snd ys))
where
ht [] = Nothing
ht (x:xs) = Just (x,xs)
transpose ["abc", "ab", "abcd"] == ["aaa","bbb","cc","d"]
但transpose' ["abc", "ab", "abcd"] == ["aaa","bbb"]
答案 2 :(得分:0)
你提到的那条线确实是个问题。
请注意,cpfx'
的参数为(x:[])
,即所有类型与x
类型相同的列表,但您的递归调用仅使用x
。因此,您会收到无限类型错误:您正在尝试识别类型为x
的{{1}}类型。 (具体而言,假设[x]
是x
。那么您建议String
具有类型x
(由于参数的模式匹配)和{{1 (通过在递归调用中使用String
的方式)。
我不太清楚你要做什么,但由于[String]
,你在同一行也有问题。在这里,x
(可能)是x!!n + ...
,但您使用的是x!!n
运算符,该运算符未针对Char
定义。对于列表追加,您可能需要+
,除了Char
不列表,它是单个元素。因此你可能意味着
++
或
x!!n
答案 3 :(得分:0)
这是另一种思考问题的方法:
假设您有一个最长公共前缀的函数:
lcp :: String -> String -> String
您可以将此扩展到以下列表:
cpfx [a] = a
cpfx [a,b] = lcp a b
cpfx [a,b,c] = lcp (lcp a b) c
cpfx [a,b,c,d] = lcp (lcp (lcp a b) c) d
...
这种一般的递归模式称为折叠。
答案 4 :(得分:0)
如下的简单功能怎么样:
import Data.List
cpfx xs = comp (reverse $ minimum xs) (map reverse xs)
where comp ys xs
| True == (all (==True) $ map (\x->isSuffixOf ys x) xs)
= reverse ys
| ys == [] = []
| otherwise = comp (tail ys) xs
......它工作正常:codepad.org