在初始化类时,有没有办法避免在类上调用__init__
,例如从类方法?
我正在尝试在Python中创建一个案例和标点符号不敏感的字符串类,用于进行有效的比较,但是在创建新实例时却没有调用__init__
。
>>> class String:
def __init__(self, string):
self.__string = tuple(string.split())
self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())
def __simple(self):
letter = lambda s: ''.join(filter(lambda s: 'a' <= s <= 'z', s))
return filter(bool, map(letter, map(str.lower, self.__string)))
def __eq__(self, other):
assert isinstance(other, String)
return self.__simple == other.__simple
def __getitem__(self, key):
assert isinstance(key, slice)
string = String()
string.__string = self.__string[key]
string.__simple = self.__simple[key]
return string
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.__string)
>>> String('Hello, world!')[1:]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
String('Hello, world!')[1:]
File "<pyshell#1>", line 17, in __getitem__
string = String()
TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 positional arguments (1 given)
>>>
我应该用string = String(); string.__string = self.__string[key]; string.__simple = self.__simple[key]
替换用切片初始化新对象?
修改
受到下面写的答案的启发,初始化程序已经过编辑,可以快速检查没有参数。
def __init__(self, string=None):
if string is None:
self.__string = self.__simple = ()
else:
self.__string = tuple(string.split())
self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())
答案 0 :(得分:28)
在可行的情况下,让__init__
被调用(并通过合适的参数使调用无害)是可取的。但是,如果需要太多的扭曲,你可以有一个替代方案,只要你避免使用旧式类的灾难性选择(没有有充分理由使用旧式类在新代码中,有几个很好的理由不 to ...:
class String(object):
...
bare_s = String.__new__(String)
这个习惯用法通常用于classmethod
s,它们可以作为“替代构造函数”使用,所以你通常会看到它以......等方式使用:
@classmethod
def makeit(cls):
self = cls.__new__(cls)
# etc etc, then
return self
(这样,classmethod将被正确地继承并在子类而不是基类上调用时生成子类实例。)
答案 1 :(得分:7)
标准pickle和copy模块使用的一个技巧是创建一个空类,使用它来实例化对象,然后将该实例的__class__
分配给“real”类。 e.g。
>>> class MyClass(object):
... init = False
... def __init__(self):
... print 'init called!'
... self.init = True
... def hello(self):
... print 'hello world!'
...
>>> class Empty(object):
... pass
...
>>> a = MyClass()
init called!
>>> a.hello()
hello world!
>>> print a.init
True
>>> b = Empty()
>>> b.__class__ = MyClass
>>> b.hello()
hello world!
>>> print b.init
False
但请注意,这种方法很少需要。绕过__init__
会产生一些意想不到的副作用,特别是如果你不熟悉原始课程,那么请确保你知道你在做什么。
答案 2 :(得分:2)
在此示例中,使用元类提供了一个很好的解决方案。元类使用有限,但工作正常。
>>> class MetaInit(type):
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if args or kwargs:
return super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return cls.__new__(cls)
>>> class String(metaclass=MetaInit):
def __init__(self, string):
self.__string = tuple(string.split())
self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())
def __simple(self):
letter = lambda s: ''.join(filter(lambda s: 'a' <= s <= 'z', s))
return filter(bool, map(letter, map(str.lower, self.__string)))
def __eq__(self, other):
assert isinstance(other, String)
return self.__simple == other.__simple
def __getitem__(self, key):
assert isinstance(key, slice)
string = String()
string.__string = self.__string[key]
string.__simple = self.__simple[key]
return string
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.__string)
>>> String('Hello, world!')[1:]
<__main__.String object at 0x02E78830>
>>> _._String__string, _._String__simple
(('world!',), ('world',))
>>>
<强>附录:强>
六年后,我的观点比我自己的观点更有利于Alex Martelli's answer。由于元课程仍然存在,下面的答案显示了如何在有或没有它们的情况下解决问题:
#! /usr/bin/env python3
METHOD = 'metaclass'
class NoInitMeta(type):
def new(cls):
return cls.__new__(cls)
class String(metaclass=NoInitMeta if METHOD == 'metaclass' else type):
def __init__(self, value):
self.__value = tuple(value.split())
self.__alpha = tuple(filter(None, (
''.join(c for c in word.casefold() if 'a' <= c <= 'z') for word in
self.__value)))
def __str__(self):
return ' '.join(self.__value)
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
return NotImplemented
return self.__alpha == other.__alpha
if METHOD == 'metaclass':
def __getitem__(self, key):
if not isinstance(key, slice):
raise NotImplementedError
instance = type(self).new()
instance.__value = self.__value[key]
instance.__alpha = self.__alpha[key]
return instance
elif METHOD == 'classmethod':
def __getitem__(self, key):
if not isinstance(key, slice):
raise NotImplementedError
instance = self.new()
instance.__value = self.__value[key]
instance.__alpha = self.__alpha[key]
return instance
@classmethod
def new(cls):
return cls.__new__(cls)
elif METHOD == 'inline':
def __getitem__(self, key):
if not isinstance(key, slice):
raise NotImplementedError
cls = type(self)
instance = cls.__new__(cls)
instance.__value = self.__value[key]
instance.__alpha = self.__alpha[key]
return instance
else:
raise ValueError('METHOD did not have an appropriate value')
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.__value)
def main():
x = String('Hello, world!')
y = x[1:]
print(y)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
答案 3 :(得分:0)
将另一个参数传递给构造函数,如下所示:
def __init__(self, string, simple = None):
if simple is None:
self.__string = tuple(string.split())
self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())
else:
self.__string = string
self.__simple = simple
然后你可以这样称呼它:
def __getitem__(self, key):
assert isinstance(key, slice)
return String(self.__string[key], self.__simple[key])
另外,我不确定是否允许命名字段和方法__simple
。如果仅为了可读性,您应该更改它。
答案 4 :(得分:-1)
在函数顶部使用@staticmethod
。
例如:
class TestClass:
def __init__(self, a):
print(1)
self.arg = a
@staticmethod
def test(name):
print(name)
TestClass.test('God')