使用正则表达式在bash中搜索和替换

时间:2012-10-24 05:10:06

标签: regex bash

我见过这个例子:

hello=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
echo ${hello//[0-9]/}

遵循以下语法:${variable//pattern/replacement}

不幸的是,pattern字段似乎不支持完整的正则表达式语法(例如,如果我使用.\s,它会尝试匹配文字字符。)

如何使用完整的正则表达式语法搜索/替换字符串?

7 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:131)

使用sed

MYVAR=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
echo "$MYVAR" | sed -e 's/[a-zA-Z]/X/g' -e 's/[0-9]/N/g'
# prints XXNNNNNXXXXNNNNNXXXNNNXNNXNNNNXXXXXXNNNNNXXX

请注意,后续-e按顺序处理。此外,表达式的g标志将匹配输入中的所有匹配项。

您也可以使用此方法选择您喜欢的工具,例如perl,awk,例如:

echo "$MYVAR" | perl -pe 's/[a-zA-Z]/X/g and s/[0-9]/N/g'

这可能允许您进行更多有创意的匹配...例如,在上面的剪辑中,除非第一个表达式上存在匹配(由于惰性and评估),否则不会使用数字替换。当然,您可以获得Perl的完整语言支持来进行出价......

答案 1 :(得分:114)

这实际上可以在纯粹的bash中完成:

hello=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
re='(.*)[0-9]+(.*)'
while [[ $hello =~ $re ]]; do
  hello=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}${BASH_REMATCH[2]}
done
echo "$hello"

... ...产量

howareyoudoingtodday

答案 2 :(得分:78)

这些示例也适用于bash,无需使用sed:

#!/bin/bash
MYVAR=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
MYVAR=${MYVAR//[a-zA-Z]/X} 
echo ${MYVAR//[0-9]/N}

你也可以使用字符类括号表达式

#!/bin/bash
MYVAR=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
MYVAR=${MYVAR//[[:alpha:]]/X} 
echo ${MYVAR//[[:digit:]]/N}

输出

XXNNNNNXXXXNNNNNXXXNNNXNNXNNNNXXXXXXNNNNNXXX

@Lanaru想知道的是,如果我正确理解了这个问题,为什么“完整”或PCRE扩展\s\S\w\W\d\D等不能像php ruby​​ python等那样工作。这些扩展来自Perl兼容的正则表达式(PCRE),可能与其他形式的基于shell的正则表达式不兼容。

这些不起作用:

#!/bin/bash
hello=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
echo ${hello//\d/}


#!/bin/bash
hello=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
echo $hello | sed 's/\d//g'

删除所有文字“d”字符的输出

ho02123ware38384you44334o3434ingto38384ay

但以下确实按预期工作

#!/bin/bash
hello=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
echo $hello | perl -pe 's/\d//g'

输出

howareyoudoingtodday

希望能够澄清一些事情,但如果您不感到困惑,为什么不在启用了REG_ENHANCED标志的Mac OS X上尝试此操作:

#!/bin/bash
MYVAR=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day;
echo $MYVAR | grep -o -E '\d'

在* nix的大多数版本中,您只会看到以下输出:

d
d
d

的nJoy!

答案 3 :(得分:9)

如果您正在重复调用并且关注性能,则此测试显示BASH方法比分叉和可能的任何其他外部过程快15倍。

hello=123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X123456789X

P1=$(date +%s)

for i in {1..10000}
do
   echo $hello | sed s/X//g > /dev/null
done

P2=$(date +%s)
echo $[$P2-$P1]

for i in {1..10000}
do
   echo ${hello//X/} > /dev/null
done

P3=$(date +%s)
echo $[$P3-$P2]

答案 4 :(得分:5)

我知道这是一个古老的话题,但这是我在Google上的第一个成功案例,我想分享我编写的以下resub,它增加了对多个$ 1,$ 2等反向引用的支持。 ..

#!/usr/bin/env bash

############################################
###  resub - regex substitution in bash  ###
############################################

resub() {
    local match="$1" subst="$2" tmp

    if [[ -z $match ]]; then
        echo "Usage: echo \"some text\" | resub '(.*) (.*)' '\$2 me \${1}time'" >&2
        return 1
    fi

    ### First, convert "$1" to "$BASH_REMATCH[1]" and 'single-quote' for later eval-ing...

    ### Utility function to 'single-quote' a list of strings
    squot() { local a=(); for i in "$@"; do a+=( $(echo \'${i//\'/\'\"\'\"\'}\' )); done; echo "${a[@]}"; }

    tmp=""
    while [[ $subst =~ (.*)\${([0-9]+)}(.*) ]] || [[ $subst =~ (.*)\$([0-9]+)(.*) ]]; do
        tmp="\${BASH_REMATCH[${BASH_REMATCH[2]}]}$(squot "${BASH_REMATCH[3]}")${tmp}"
        subst="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
    done
    subst="$(squot "${subst}")${tmp}"

    ### Now start (globally) substituting

    tmp=""
    while read line; do
        counter=0
        while [[ $line =~ $match(.*) ]]; do
            eval tmp='"${tmp}${line%${BASH_REMATCH[0]}}"'"${subst}"
            line="${BASH_REMATCH[$(( ${#BASH_REMATCH[@]} - 1 ))]}"
        done
        echo "${tmp}${line}"
    done
}

resub "$@"

##################
###  EXAMPLES  ###
##################

###  % echo "The quick brown fox jumps quickly over the lazy dog" | resub quick slow
###    The slow brown fox jumps slowly over the lazy dog

###  % echo "The quick brown fox jumps quickly over the lazy dog" | resub 'quick ([^ ]+) fox' 'slow $1 sheep'
###    The slow brown sheep jumps quickly over the lazy dog

###  % animal="sheep"
###  % echo "The quick brown fox 'jumps' quickly over the \"lazy\" \$dog" | resub 'quick ([^ ]+) fox' "\"\$low\" \${1} '$animal'"
###    The "$low" brown 'sheep' 'jumps' quickly over the "lazy" $dog

###  % echo "one two three four five" | resub "one ([^ ]+) three ([^ ]+) five" 'one $2 three $1 five'
###    one four three two five

###  % echo "one two one four five" | resub "one ([^ ]+) " 'XXX $1 '
###    XXX two XXX four five

###  % echo "one two three four five one six three seven eight" | resub "one ([^ ]+) three ([^ ]+) " 'XXX $1 YYY $2 '
###    XXX two YYY four five XXX six YYY seven eight

@Charles Duffy的H / T回复:(.*)$match(.*)

答案 5 :(得分:4)

使用[[:digit:]](注意双括号)作为模式:

$ hello=ho02123ware38384you443d34o3434ingtod38384day
$ echo ${hello//[[:digit:]]/}
howareyoudoingtodday

只是想总结答案(尤其是@ nickl-'s https://stackoverflow.com/a/22261334/2916086)。

答案 6 :(得分:0)

此示例在输入answer中搜索正则表达式hello ugly world,并将其替换为bad|ugly

nice