如何在javascript中实现观察者模式?

时间:2012-09-06 20:55:22

标签: javascript design-patterns observer-pattern

您好我想在JavaScript中实现观察者模式:

我的index.js

$(document).ready(function () {
  var ironMan = new Movie();
  ironMan.setTitle('IronMan');
  ironMan.setRating('R');
  ironMan.setId(1);
  //  ironMan.setCast(['Robert Downey Jr.', 'Jeff Bridges', 'Gwyneth Paltrow']);

  var terminator = new Movie();
  terminator.setTitle('Terminator');
  terminator.setRating('P');
  terminator.setId(2);

  console.log(ironMan.toString());
  console.log(terminator.toString());

  ironMan.play();
  ironMan.stop();
  ironMan.download();
  ironMan.share('V. Rivas');

  console.log(ironMan.getCast()[0]);
});

我的电影

var title;
var rating;
var id;
var observers;


function Movie() {
  observers = new ObserverList();
}

//function Movie (title, rating, id){
//  this. title = title;
//  this.rating =  rating;
//  this.id =id;
//  observers = new ObserverList();
//}

Movie.prototype.setTitle = function (newTitle) {
  this.title = newTitle;
}

Movie.prototype.getTilte = function () {
  return this.title;
}

Movie.prototype.setRating = function (newRating) {
  this.rating = newRating;
}

Movie.prototype.getRating = function () {
  return this.rating;
}

Movie.prototype.setId = function (newId) {
  this.id = newId;
}

Movie.prototype.getId = function () {
  return this.id;
}

Movie.prototype.play = function () {
  for (i = 0; i < observers.Count; i++) {
    console.log("palying...");
  }
}

Movie.prototype.stop = function () {
  for (i = 0; i < observers.Count; i++) {
    console.log("stoped");
  }
}

Movie.prototype.AddObserver = function (observer) {
  observers.Add(observer);
};

最后观察员

function ObserverList() {
  this.observerList = [];
}

ObserverList.prototype.Add = function (obj) {
  return this.observerList.push(obj);
};

ObserverList.prototype.Empty = function () {
  this.observerList = [];
};

ObserverList.prototype.Count = function () {
  return this.observerList.length;
};

ObserverList.prototype.Get = function (index) {
  if (index > -1 && index < this.observerList.length) {
    return this.observerList[index];
  }
};

ObserverList.prototype.Insert = function (obj, index) {
  var pointer = -1;

  if (index === 0) {
    this.observerList.unshift(obj);
    pointer = index;
  } else if (index === this.observerList.length) {
    this.observerList.push(obj);
    pointer = index;
  }

  return pointer;
};

您可以提供任何帮助,我将非常感激。

9 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:28)

JavasScript是事件驱动的:这意味着它意识到时间并期望事情随着时间而改变。最初的观察者模式是为不熟悉时间的C ++等语言创建的。 您可以通过使用游戏循环来检查状态更改来利用JavaScript的优势。

创建两个DOM元素,一个输入和输出

<input type="text" value="Enter some text...">
<p id="output">

设置requestAnimationFrame循环并开始观察。

//Get a reference to the input and output
var input = document.querySelector("input");
var output = document.querySelector("#output");

//Set up a requestAnimationFrame loop
function update () {
  requestAnimationFrame(update);

  //Change the output to match the input
  output.innerHTML = input.value;
}
update(); 

这就是游戏引擎为立即模式渲染所做的事情。它也是React框架检查DOM中状态变化的方法。

(如果你需要,这里是一个简单的requestAnimationPolyfill)

//Polyfill for requestAnimationFrame
window.requestAnimationFrame = (function(){
  return  window.requestAnimationFrame       ||
          window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame ||
          window.mozRequestAnimationFrame    ||
          window.oRequestAnimationFrame      ||
          window.msRequestAnimationFrame     ||
          function(/* function */ callback, /* DOMElement */ element){
            window.setTimeout(callback, 1000 / 60);
          };
})();

答案 1 :(得分:12)

在JavaScript中,没有必要像在Java中那样实现纯观察者模式,因为JavaScript有一个叫做函数式编程的小东西。所以只需使用http://api.jquery.com/category/callbacks-object/而不是ObserverList。

如果您仍想使用您的对象,那么一切都取决于您想要传递给ObserverList.Add的内容。如果它是某个对象,那么你需要写

for( i = 0; i < observers.Count; i++) { 
  observers[i].Notify("some data"); 
}

如果它是一个功能,那么你需要写

for( i = 0; i < observers.Count; i++) { 
  observers[i]("Some data"); 
}

您也可以使用Function.apply()或Function.call()为您的函数提供this

答案 2 :(得分:3)

这是JavaScript中Observer模式的一种实现,它提供了与Backbone Models非常相似的API。这种实现避免了使用&#34;这个&#34;和&#34; new&#34;,suggested by Douglas Crockford

// The constructor function.
function Model(){

  // An object containing callback functions.
  //  * Keys are property names
  //  * Values are arrays of callback functions
  var callbacks = {},

      // An object containing property values.
      //  * Keys are property names
      //  * Values are values set on the model
      values = {};

  // Return the public Model API,
  // using the revealing module pattern.
  return {

    // Gets a value from the model.
    get: function(key){
      return values[key];
    },

    // Sets a value on the model and
    // invokes callbacks added for the property,
    // passing the new value into the callback.
    set: function(key, value){
      values[key] = value;
      if(callbacks[key]){
        callbacks[key].forEach(function (callback) {
          callback(value);
        });
      }
    },

    // Adds a callback that will listen for changes
    // to the specified property.
    on: function(key, callbackToAdd){
      if(!callbacks[key]){
        callbacks[key] = [];
      }
      callbacks[key].push(callbackToAdd);
    },

    // Removes a callback that listening for changes
    // to the specified property.
    off: function(key, callbackToRemove){
      if(callbacks[key]){
        callbacks[key] = callbacks[key].filter(function (callback) {
          return callback !== callbackToRemove;
        });
      }
    }
  };
}

以下是使用Model的一些示例代码:

// Create a new model.
var model = Model();

// Create callbacks for X and Y properties.
function listenX(x){
  // The new value is passed to the callback.
  console.log('x changed to ' + x);
}

function listenY(y){
  // The new value can be extracted from the model.
  console.log('y changed to ' + model.get('y'));
}

// Add callbacks as observers to the model.
model.on('x', listenX);
model.on('y', listenY);

// Set values of X and Y.
model.set('x', 30); // prints "x changed to 30"
model.set('y', 40); // prints "y changed to 40"

// Remove one listener.
model.off('x', listenX);
model.set('x', 360); // prints nothing
model.set('y', 50); // prints "y changed to 40"

答案 3 :(得分:1)

对我来说,这是在JS中实现Observer模式的最佳方式

function Click() {
    this.handlers = [];  // observers
}

Click.prototype = {

    subscribe: function(fn) {
        this.handlers.push(fn);
    },

    unsubscribe: function(fn) {
        this.handlers = this.handlers.filter(
            function(item) {
                if (item !== fn) {
                    return item;
                }
            }
        );
    },

    fire: function(o, thisObj) {
        var scope = thisObj || window;
        this.handlers.forEach(function(item) {
            item.call(scope, o);
        });
    }
}

// log helper

var log = (function() {
    var log = "";

    return {
        add: function(msg) { log += msg + "\n"; },
        show: function() { alert(log); log = ""; }
    }
})();

function run() {

    var clickHandler = function(item) { 
        log.add("fired: " + item); 
    };

    var click = new Click();

    click.subscribe(clickHandler);
    click.fire('event #1');
    click.unsubscribe(clickHandler);
    click.fire('event #2');
    click.subscribe(clickHandler);
    click.fire('event #3');

    log.show();
}

答案 4 :(得分:1)

以下是我从“学习Javascript设计模式”一书中略微改编的一个实现。

function pubsub(obj) {

var events = {},
    subUid = -1;

obj.publish = function (event, args) {

    if (!events[event]) {
        return false;
    }

    var subscribers = events[event],
    len = subscribers ? subscribers.length : 0;

    while (len--) {
        subscribers[len].func(event, args);
    }
};

obj.subscribe = function (event, func) {

    if (!events[event]) {
        events[event] = [];
    }

    var token = (++subUid).toString();
    events[event].push({
        token: token,
        func: func
    });

    return token;

};

obj.unsubscribe = function (token) {

    for (var event in events) {
        if (events.hasOwnProperty(event)) {
            for (var i = 0, j = events[event].length ; i < j ; i++) {
                if (events[event][i].token === token) {
                    events[event].splice(i, 1);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return this;

};

}

var obj = {}; // Any javascript object
pubsub(obj); // Make an observable from the given object

var subscription = obj.subscribe('load', handler);

// event handler callback
function handler(event, data) {
    console.log(event, data);
}

obj.publish('load', 'Data loaded successfully'); // logs 'load Data loaded successfully'
obj.unsubscribe(subscription);
obj.publish('load', 'Data loaded successfully'); // nothing happens

干杯!

答案 5 :(得分:1)

class EventObserver {
  constructor () {
    this.observers = []
  }

  subscribe (fn) {
    this.observers.push(fn)
  }

  unsubscribe (fn) {
    this.observers = this.observers.filter(subscriber => subscriber !== fn)
  }

  broadcast (data) {
    this.observers.forEach(subscriber => subscriber(data))
  }
}

或者您可以在NodeJ https://nodejs.org/api/events.html#events_class_eventemitter中使用EventEmitter

答案 6 :(得分:0)

观察者模式是关于更新对象并让这些更新自动发送一个事件,该事件提供有关更新内容的信息。

例如:

var desiredChar = "~0~";

var str = "~0~1|0|20170807|45|111.00|~0~~1~1|0|20170807|50|666.00|~1~~2~1|0|20170807|55|111.00|~2~";

var not = str.slice(str.indexOf(desiredChar), str.lastIndexOf(desiredChar) + desiredChar.length);
// escape OR `|`
var res = str.replace(new RegExp(not.replace(/[|]/g, "\\|")), "");

console.log(res)

这里是javascript中观察者模式的一个模块,您可以查看更多信息的源代码:https://github.com/Tixit/observe

答案 7 :(得分:0)

这很老了,但是我想提供一个原始问题的答案,即“如何在给定现有代码的情况下实现观察者模式”。

观察者模式可以简化为一种通信设计,其中目标(被观察的事物)具有指向观察者的指针,并为观察者采用公共API。例如,目标假设观察者具有称为update的方法,或者观察者为Function。目标通过实际上调用观察者对象(如果观察者是函数,则调用Function)的方法来通知观察者更改。

每当属性发生突变或更改时,目标必须update所有已注册的观察者都将得到通知。

在这里,我假设您想知道如何实现键值观察器。在这种情况下,代码将不得不在其观察者列表上进行迭代,并在属性更改时调用每个观察者update方法(或在Function情况下仅执行观察者)。

var observers = null;

function Movie() {
 observers = new ObserverList();
}

Movie.prototype.changed = function(key, old, value){
  // Assumption here is that observers can observe individual properties.
  if(!this.observers[key]) return
  
  this.observers[key].forEach( o => {
    // Assumption is that observers have an update method. This is the only
    // thing the target knows about an observer.
      o.update(key, old, value, this)
  })

}

// Now every setter on the target has to notify the observers by calling `changed`
Movie.prototype.setTitle = function (newTitle) {
  var old = this.title;
  this.title = newTitle;
  this.changed("title", old, this.title, this)
}

您必须添加该changed方法,然后更新所有的setter方法以进行上述更改。

我还注意到,observes电影中的原始代码没有任何地方。给定上面的示例,您需要添加实际上observes的代码,该代码可以实现update

我不确定playstop的意图。

答案 8 :(得分:0)

class Observable {
    constructor() {
       this.observer = []; 
    }
    subscribe(item) {
        this.observer.push(item);
    }
    unsubscribe(item) {
        if(!this.observer) return 'empty';
        else {
            this.observer.filter(subscribe => subscribe !== item);
        }
    }
    notify(data) {
        this.observer.forEach(item => item(data));
    }
}

var p1 = document.querySelector('.p1');
var p2 = document.querySelector('.p2');
var p3 = document.querySelector('.p3');
var input = document.querySelector('.input');

const update1 = text => p1.textContent = text;
const update2 = text => p2.textContent = text;
const update3 = text => p3.textContent = text;

var observarble = new Observable();
observarble.subscribe(update1);
observarble.subscribe(update2);
observarble.subscribe(update3);

input.addEventListener('keyup', event => observarble.notify(event.target.value));
<input type="input" class="input" />
<div class="p1"></div>
<div class="p2"></div>
<div class="p3"></div>

观察者是在所有javascript应用程序中使用的流行模式之一。

实例(主题)维护对象(观察者)的集合,并在状态发生变化时通知所有对象

让我们写一些逻辑来解释

class Observable {
    constructor() {
       this.observer = []; 
    }
    subscribe(item) {
        this.observer.push(item);
    }
    unsubscribe(item) {
        if(!this.observer) return 'empty';
        else {
            this.observer.filter(subscribe => subscribe !== item);
        }
    }
    notify(data) {
        this.observer.forEach(item => item(data));
    }
}

现在您的问题是下一步?

在哪里实际使用此模式。

想象一下,当某个事件发生时,您必须同时更新多个元素。

在代码中添加一些HTML

<input type="input" class="input" />
<div class="p1"></div>
<div class="p2"></div>
<div class="p3"></div>

使用Java脚本获取这些节点

var p1 = document.querySelector('.p1');
var p2 = document.querySelector('.p2');
var p3 = document.querySelector('.p3');
var input = document.querySelector('.input');

要使用观察者设置值,您需要添加其文本内容

const update1 = text => p1.textContent = text;
const update2 = text => p2.textContent = text;
const update3 = text => p3.textContent = text;


var observarble = new Observable();
observarble.subscribe(update1);
observarble.subscribe(update2);
observarble.subscribe(update3);

最后一件事是使用输入keyup / change附加事件监听器

input.addEventListener('keyup', ev => observarble.notify(ev.target.value));

就这样:) !!

工作演示链接 https://codepen.io/nishant5857/pen/MWKdByY