让我们说我们有一个像f这样的函数,返回一个monad。但是,在您看到Int
的地方,假装它是一个非常复杂的类型。
f :: (Monad m) => m Int -- Pretend this isn't Int but something complicated
f = return 42
现在让我们说要强制进入Maybe
monad。我们不需要编写完整类型的f
来执行此操作,我们可以执行以下操作:
g :: Maybe a -> Maybe a
g = id
main = print $ (g f)
虚拟函数g
强制f
成为Maybe
。
我认为上面的内容相当混乱。我宁愿写的是:
main = print $ (f :: Maybe a)
但它失败并出现以下错误:
Couldn't match expected type `a' against inferred type `Int'
`a' is a rigid type variable bound by
the polymorphic type `forall a. Maybe a' at prog.hs:7:16
Expected type: Maybe a
Inferred type: Maybe Int
In the second argument of `($)', namely `(f :: Maybe a)'
In the expression: print $ (f :: Maybe a)
有没有办法以较简单的方式执行上面的g
以及不涉及创建新功能的方式?我不想写f :: Maybe Int
,因为如果返回类型发生变化,它会成为维护问题。 GHC扩展在答案中是可以接受的。
答案 0 :(得分:10)
使用asTypeOf
。它返回第一个参数,同时将其类型与第二个参数统一。它只是const
的类型限制版本,但对于这种情况很有用。
main = print $ f `asTypeOf` (undefined :: Maybe a)
答案 1 :(得分:8)
另一种方法是限制print
的类型:
main = (print :: Show a => Maybe a -> IO ()) f