如何制作Python工厂类

时间:2018-10-19 08:13:09

标签: python dictionary enums factory

我希望能够基于枚举类创建对象,并使用字典。像这样:

class IngredientType(Enum):
    SPAM        = auto() # Some spam
    BAKE_BEANS  = auto() # Baked beans
    EGG         = auto() # Fried egg

class Ingredient(object):
    pass    
class Spam(Ingredient):
    pass
class BakedBeans(Ingredient):
    pass
class Egg(Ingredient):
    pass


class IngredientFactory(object):
    """Factory makes ingredients"""

    choice = {
        IngredientType.SPAM: IngredientFactory.MakeSpam,
        IngredientType.BAKED_BEANS: IngredientFactory.MakeBakedBeans,
        IngredientType.EGG: IngredientFactory.MakeEgg
    }

    @staticmethod
    def make(type):
        method = choice[type]
        return method()

    @staticmethod
    def makeSpam():
        return Spam()

    @staticmethod
    def makeBakedBeans():
        return BakedBeans()

    @staticmethod
    def makeEgg():
        return Egg()

但是我得到了错误:

NameError: name 'IngredientFactory' is not defined

由于某些原因,无法创建字典。 我在哪里错了?

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:3)

将映射放置在类的末尾,并直接引用方法,因为它们位于相同的名称空间中:

choice = {
    IngredientType.SPAM: makeSpam,
    IngredientType.BAKED_BEANS: makeBakedBeans,
    IngredientType.EGG: makeEgg
}

直到类主体中的所有代码都不会创建类对象,因此您无法访问类本身。但是,由于类主体是在专用名称空间中处理的,因此您可以访问到此为止定义的任何属性(这就是为什么必须在映射末尾进行映射的原因)。还要注意,虽然可以访问全局变量和内置插件,但是不能访问封闭类或函数的名称空间。

这是来自官方文档的详细但仍介绍性的解释,说明了如何执行类:https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes

答案 1 :(得分:3)

Python不是Java,并且不需要将所有内容都包含在类中。在这里,您的IngredientFactory类没有状态,只有静态方法,因此它实际上只是一个单例命名空间,在python中,使用模块作为单例命名空间和普通函数可以正常完成此任务。另外,由于Python类已经可以调用,因此将实例化包装在函数中没有任何意义。简单,直接的pythonic实现将是:

# ingredients.py

class IngredientType(Enum):
    SPAM        = auto() # Some spam
    BAKE_BEANS  = auto() # Baked beans
    EGG         = auto() # Fried egg

class Ingredient(object):
    pass    

class Spam(Ingredient):
    pass

class Beans(Ingredient):
    pass

class Egg(Ingredient):
    pass


_choice = {
        IngredientType.SPAM: Spam,
        IngredientType.BAKED_BEANS: Beans,
        IngredientType.EGG: Egg
    }

def make(ingredient_type):
    cls = _choice[ingredient_type]
    return cls()

和客户端代码:

import ingredients
egg = ingredients.make(ingredients.IngredientType.EGG)

# or much more simply:

egg = ingredients.Egg()

FWIW IngredientType枚举在这里并没有带来太多好处,甚至使事情变得更加复杂-您可以只使用纯字符串:

# ingredients.py

class Ingredient(object):
    pass    

class Spam(Ingredient):
    pass

class Beans(Ingredient):
    pass

class Egg(Ingredient):
    pass


_choice = {
        "spam": Spam,
        "beans": Beans,
        "egg": Egg
    }

def make(ingredient_type):
    cls = _choice[ingredient_type]
    return cls()

和客户端代码:

import ingredients
egg = ingredients.make("egg")

或者,如果您真的想使用Enum,则可以按照MadPhysicist的建议,通过将类本身用作枚举的值来至少摆脱choices字典:

# ingredients.py

class Ingredient(object):
    pass    

class Spam(Ingredient):
    pass

class Beans(Ingredient):
    pass

class Egg(Ingredient):
    pass

class IngredientType(Enum):
    SPAM = Spam
    BEANS = Beans
    EGG = Egg

    @staticmethod
    def make(ingredient_type):
        return ingredient_type.value()

和客户端代码

 from ingredients import IngredientType
 egg = IngredientType.make(IngredientType.EGG)

但是我真的也看不到任何好处

编辑:您提到:

  

我正在尝试实现工厂模式,以隐藏对象的创建。然后,工厂的用户只需处理“成分”,而无需了解具体类型

用户仍然必须指定他想要哪种食材(ingredient_type参数),所以我不确定我是否了解这里的好处。您实际的实际用例是什么? (编造/精简示例的问题在于它们无法说明全部内容)。

答案 2 :(得分:0)

看了Bruce Eckel's book之后,我想到了:

#Based on Bruce Eckel's book Python 3 example
# A simple static factory method.
from __future__ import generators
import random
from enum import Enum, auto

class ShapeType(Enum):
    CIRCLE  = auto() # Some circles
    SQUARE  = auto() # some squares

class Shape(object):
    pass

class Circle(Shape):
    def draw(self): print("Circle.draw")
    def erase(self): print("Circle.erase")

class Square(Shape):
    def draw(self): print("Square.draw")
    def erase(self): print("Square.erase")

class ShapeFactory(object):

    @staticmethod
    def create(type):
        #return eval(type + "()") # simple alternative
        if type in ShapeFactory.choice:
            return ShapeFactory.choice[type]()

        assert 0, "Bad shape creation: " + type    

    choice = { ShapeType.CIRCLE:  Circle,
               ShapeType.SQUARE:  Square                
             }

# Test factory
# Generate shape name strings:
def shapeNameGen(n):

    types = list(ShapeType)

    for i in range(n):
        yield random.choice(types)

shapes = \
  [ ShapeFactory.create(i) for i in shapeNameGen(7)]

for shape in shapes:
    shape.draw()
    shape.erase()

这使用户可以从枚举中选择类类型,并阻止任何其他类型。这也意味着用户不太可能写出带有拼写错误的“坏字符串”。他们只是使用枚举。 测试的输出如下:

Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Square.draw
Square.erase
Square.draw
Square.erase
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Square.draw
Square.erase