我希望能够基于枚举类创建对象,并使用字典。像这样:
class IngredientType(Enum):
SPAM = auto() # Some spam
BAKE_BEANS = auto() # Baked beans
EGG = auto() # Fried egg
class Ingredient(object):
pass
class Spam(Ingredient):
pass
class BakedBeans(Ingredient):
pass
class Egg(Ingredient):
pass
class IngredientFactory(object):
"""Factory makes ingredients"""
choice = {
IngredientType.SPAM: IngredientFactory.MakeSpam,
IngredientType.BAKED_BEANS: IngredientFactory.MakeBakedBeans,
IngredientType.EGG: IngredientFactory.MakeEgg
}
@staticmethod
def make(type):
method = choice[type]
return method()
@staticmethod
def makeSpam():
return Spam()
@staticmethod
def makeBakedBeans():
return BakedBeans()
@staticmethod
def makeEgg():
return Egg()
但是我得到了错误:
NameError: name 'IngredientFactory' is not defined
由于某些原因,无法创建字典。 我在哪里错了?
答案 0 :(得分:3)
将映射放置在类的末尾,并直接引用方法,因为它们位于相同的名称空间中:
choice = {
IngredientType.SPAM: makeSpam,
IngredientType.BAKED_BEANS: makeBakedBeans,
IngredientType.EGG: makeEgg
}
直到类主体中的所有代码都不会创建类对象,因此您无法访问类本身。但是,由于类主体是在专用名称空间中处理的,因此您可以访问到此为止定义的任何属性(这就是为什么必须在映射末尾进行映射的原因)。还要注意,虽然可以访问全局变量和内置插件,但是不能访问封闭类或函数的名称空间。
这是来自官方文档的详细但仍介绍性的解释,说明了如何执行类:https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes
答案 1 :(得分:3)
Python不是Java,并且不需要将所有内容都包含在类中。在这里,您的IngredientFactory
类没有状态,只有静态方法,因此它实际上只是一个单例命名空间,在python中,使用模块作为单例命名空间和普通函数可以正常完成此任务。另外,由于Python类已经可以调用,因此将实例化包装在函数中没有任何意义。简单,直接的pythonic实现将是:
# ingredients.py
class IngredientType(Enum):
SPAM = auto() # Some spam
BAKE_BEANS = auto() # Baked beans
EGG = auto() # Fried egg
class Ingredient(object):
pass
class Spam(Ingredient):
pass
class Beans(Ingredient):
pass
class Egg(Ingredient):
pass
_choice = {
IngredientType.SPAM: Spam,
IngredientType.BAKED_BEANS: Beans,
IngredientType.EGG: Egg
}
def make(ingredient_type):
cls = _choice[ingredient_type]
return cls()
和客户端代码:
import ingredients
egg = ingredients.make(ingredients.IngredientType.EGG)
# or much more simply:
egg = ingredients.Egg()
FWIW IngredientType
枚举在这里并没有带来太多好处,甚至使事情变得更加复杂-您可以只使用纯字符串:
# ingredients.py
class Ingredient(object):
pass
class Spam(Ingredient):
pass
class Beans(Ingredient):
pass
class Egg(Ingredient):
pass
_choice = {
"spam": Spam,
"beans": Beans,
"egg": Egg
}
def make(ingredient_type):
cls = _choice[ingredient_type]
return cls()
和客户端代码:
import ingredients
egg = ingredients.make("egg")
或者,如果您真的想使用Enum
,则可以按照MadPhysicist的建议,通过将类本身用作枚举的值来至少摆脱choices
字典:
# ingredients.py
class Ingredient(object):
pass
class Spam(Ingredient):
pass
class Beans(Ingredient):
pass
class Egg(Ingredient):
pass
class IngredientType(Enum):
SPAM = Spam
BEANS = Beans
EGG = Egg
@staticmethod
def make(ingredient_type):
return ingredient_type.value()
和客户端代码
from ingredients import IngredientType
egg = IngredientType.make(IngredientType.EGG)
但是我真的也看不到任何好处
编辑:您提到:
我正在尝试实现工厂模式,以隐藏对象的创建。然后,工厂的用户只需处理“成分”,而无需了解具体类型
用户仍然必须指定他想要哪种食材(ingredient_type
参数),所以我不确定我是否了解这里的好处。您实际的实际用例是什么? (编造/精简示例的问题在于它们无法说明全部内容)。
答案 2 :(得分:0)
看了Bruce Eckel's book之后,我想到了:
#Based on Bruce Eckel's book Python 3 example
# A simple static factory method.
from __future__ import generators
import random
from enum import Enum, auto
class ShapeType(Enum):
CIRCLE = auto() # Some circles
SQUARE = auto() # some squares
class Shape(object):
pass
class Circle(Shape):
def draw(self): print("Circle.draw")
def erase(self): print("Circle.erase")
class Square(Shape):
def draw(self): print("Square.draw")
def erase(self): print("Square.erase")
class ShapeFactory(object):
@staticmethod
def create(type):
#return eval(type + "()") # simple alternative
if type in ShapeFactory.choice:
return ShapeFactory.choice[type]()
assert 0, "Bad shape creation: " + type
choice = { ShapeType.CIRCLE: Circle,
ShapeType.SQUARE: Square
}
# Test factory
# Generate shape name strings:
def shapeNameGen(n):
types = list(ShapeType)
for i in range(n):
yield random.choice(types)
shapes = \
[ ShapeFactory.create(i) for i in shapeNameGen(7)]
for shape in shapes:
shape.draw()
shape.erase()
这使用户可以从枚举中选择类类型,并阻止任何其他类型。这也意味着用户不太可能写出带有拼写错误的“坏字符串”。他们只是使用枚举。 测试的输出如下:
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Square.draw
Square.erase
Square.draw
Square.erase
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Circle.draw
Circle.erase
Square.draw
Square.erase