有没有人知道从Python的win32版本中创建/读取符号链接的方法？理想情况下，应该有最少量的平台特定代码，因为我需要我的应用程序是跨平台的。
答案 0 :(得分：37)
NTFS文件系统有连接点，我想你可以使用它们，你可以使用python win32 API模块，例如。
import win32file
win32file.CreateSymbolicLink(fileSrc, fileTarget, 1)
如果您不想依赖win32API模块，可以随时使用ctypes并直接调用CreateSymbolicLink win32 API，例如。
import ctypes
kdll = ctypes.windll.LoadLibrary("kernel32.dll")
kdll.CreateSymbolicLinkA("d:\\test.txt", "d:\\test_link.txt", 0)
MSDN（http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363866(VS.85).aspx）表示支持的最低客户端是Windows Vista
另外：这也适用于目录（用第三个参数表示）。有了unicode支持，它看起来像这样：
kdll.CreateSymbolicLinkW(UR"D:\testdirLink", UR"D:\testdir", 1)
答案 1 :(得分：12)
或者如果你想使用pywin32，你可以使用前面提到的方法，并阅读，使用：
from win32file import *
from winioctlcon import FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT
__all__ = ['islink', 'readlink']
# Win32file doesn't seem to have this attribute.
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
# To make things easier.
REPARSE_FOLDER = (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY | FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT)
# For the parse_reparse_buffer function
SYMBOLIC_LINK = 'symbolic'
MOUNTPOINT = 'mountpoint'
GENERIC = 'generic'
def islink(fpath):
""" Windows islink implementation. """
if GetFileAttributes(fpath) & REPARSE_FOLDER == REPARSE_FOLDER:
return True
return False
def parse_reparse_buffer(original, reparse_type=SYMBOLIC_LINK):
""" Implementing the below in Python:
typedef struct _REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER {
ULONG ReparseTag;
USHORT ReparseDataLength;
USHORT Reserved;
union {
struct {
USHORT SubstituteNameOffset;
USHORT SubstituteNameLength;
USHORT PrintNameOffset;
USHORT PrintNameLength;
ULONG Flags;
WCHAR PathBuffer[1];
} SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer;
struct {
USHORT SubstituteNameOffset;
USHORT SubstituteNameLength;
USHORT PrintNameOffset;
USHORT PrintNameLength;
WCHAR PathBuffer[1];
} MountPointReparseBuffer;
struct {
UCHAR DataBuffer[1];
} GenericReparseBuffer;
} DUMMYUNIONNAME;
} REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER, *PREPARSE_DATA_BUFFER;
"""
# Size of our data types
SZULONG = 4 # sizeof(ULONG)
SZUSHORT = 2 # sizeof(USHORT)
# Our structure.
# Probably a better way to iterate a dictionary in a particular order,
# but I was in a hurry, unfortunately, so I used pkeys.
buffer = {
'tag' : SZULONG,
'data_length' : SZUSHORT,
'reserved' : SZUSHORT,
SYMBOLIC_LINK : {
'substitute_name_offset' : SZUSHORT,
'substitute_name_length' : SZUSHORT,
'print_name_offset' : SZUSHORT,
'print_name_length' : SZUSHORT,
'flags' : SZULONG,
'buffer' : u'',
'pkeys' : [
'substitute_name_offset',
'substitute_name_length',
'print_name_offset',
'print_name_length',
'flags',
]
},
MOUNTPOINT : {
'substitute_name_offset' : SZUSHORT,
'substitute_name_length' : SZUSHORT,
'print_name_offset' : SZUSHORT,
'print_name_length' : SZUSHORT,
'buffer' : u'',
'pkeys' : [
'substitute_name_offset',
'substitute_name_length',
'print_name_offset',
'print_name_length',
]
},
GENERIC : {
'pkeys' : [],
'buffer': ''
}
}
# Header stuff
buffer['tag'] = original[:SZULONG]
buffer['data_length'] = original[SZULONG:SZUSHORT]
buffer['reserved'] = original[SZULONG+SZUSHORT:SZUSHORT]
original = original[8:]
# Parsing
k = reparse_type
for c in buffer[k]['pkeys']:
if type(buffer[k][c]) == int:
sz = buffer[k][c]
bytes = original[:sz]
buffer[k][c] = 0
for b in bytes:
n = ord(b)
if n:
buffer[k][c] += n
original = original[sz:]
# Using the offset and length's grabbed, we'll set the buffer.
buffer[k]['buffer'] = original
return buffer
def readlink(fpath):
""" Windows readlink implementation. """
# This wouldn't return true if the file didn't exist, as far as I know.
if not islink(fpath):
return None
# Open the file correctly depending on the string type.
handle = CreateFileW(fpath, GENERIC_READ, 0, None, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, 0) \
if type(fpath) == unicode else \
CreateFile(fpath, GENERIC_READ, 0, None, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, 0)
# MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384 = (16*1024)
buffer = DeviceIoControl(handle, FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT, None, 16*1024)
# Above will return an ugly string (byte array), so we'll need to parse it.
# But first, we'll close the handle to our file so we're not locking it anymore.
CloseHandle(handle)
# Minimum possible length (assuming that the length of the target is bigger than 0)
if len(buffer) < 9:
return None
# Parse and return our result.
result = parse_reparse_buffer(buffer)
offset = result[SYMBOLIC_LINK]['substitute_name_offset']
ending = offset + result[SYMBOLIC_LINK]['substitute_name_length']
rpath = result[SYMBOLIC_LINK]['buffer'][offset:ending].replace('\x00','')
if len(rpath) > 4 and rpath[0:4] == '\\??\\':
rpath = rpath[4:]
return rpath
def realpath(fpath):
from os import path
while islink(fpath):
rpath = readlink(fpath)
if not path.isabs(rpath):
rpath = path.abspath(path.join(path.dirname(fpath), rpath))
fpath = rpath
return fpath
def example():
from os import system, unlink
system('cmd.exe /c echo Hello World > test.txt')
system('mklink test-link.txt test.txt')
print 'IsLink: %s' % islink('test-link.txt')
print 'ReadLink: %s' % readlink('test-link.txt')
print 'RealPath: %s' % realpath('test-link.txt')
unlink('test-link.txt')
unlink('test.txt')
if __name__=='__main__':
example()
根据您的需要调整CreateFile中的属性，但对于正常情况，它应该有效。随意改进它。
如果您使用MOUNTPOINT而不是SYMBOLIC_LINK，它也适用于文件夹联结。
您可以检查
sys.getwindowsversion()[0] >= 6
如果你把它放到你正在发布的东西上，因为只有Vista +支持这种形式的符号链接。
答案 2 :(得分：11)
问题在于，例如， here，Windows自身对符号链接功能的支持因Windows版本而异，因此，例如在Vista中（有很多工作）你可以获得比XP或2000更多的功能（在其他win32版本上没有AFAIK）。或者您可以使用快捷方式，当然这些快捷方式有一组限制，并且与“Unix”符号链接“并不相同”。所以，你必须确切地说明你需要哪些功能，你愿意在交叉win32操作的祭坛上牺牲多少等等 - 那么，我们可以找出如何实现你所选择的折衷方案ctypes或win32all来电......从某种意义上说，这是最不重要的。
答案 3 :(得分：10)
os.symlink适用于使用Windows 8.1和NTFS文件系统的Python 3.3。
答案 4 :(得分：9)
在子流程中使用mklink命令创建链接。
from subprocess import call
call(['mklink', 'LINK', 'TARGET'], shell=True)
答案 5 :(得分：6)
我将以下内容放入Lib / site-packages / sitecustomize.py
import os
__CSL = None
def symlink(source, link_name):
'''symlink(source, link_name)
Creates a symbolic link pointing to source named link_name'''
global __CSL
if __CSL is None:
import ctypes
csl = ctypes.windll.kernel32.CreateSymbolicLinkW
csl.argtypes = (ctypes.c_wchar_p, ctypes.c_wchar_p, ctypes.c_uint32)
csl.restype = ctypes.c_ubyte
__CSL = csl
flags = 0
if source is not None and os.path.isdir(source):
flags = 1
if __CSL(link_name, source, flags) == 0:
raise ctypes.WinError()
os.symlink = symlink
答案 6 :(得分：1)
Juntalis的代码不处理Unicode，因此我修改它以使用ctypes并使用struct简化它。我还咨询了Using a struct as a function argument with the python ctypes module
的代码import os, ctypes, struct
from ctypes import windll, wintypes
FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 0x900a8
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY = 0x0001
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN = 0x0002
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY = 0x0010
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL = 0x0080
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 0x0400
GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000
GENERIC_WRITE = 0x40000000
OPEN_EXISTING = 3
FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES = 0x80
FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 0x00200000
INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = wintypes.HANDLE(-1).value
INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES = 0xFFFFFFFF
FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS = 33554432
# FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT | FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTI
FILE_FLAG_REPARSE_BACKUP = 35651584
GetFileAttributes = windll.kernel32.GetFileAttributesW
_CreateFileW = windll.kernel32.CreateFileW
_DevIoCtl = windll.kernel32.DeviceIoControl
_DevIoCtl.argtypes = [
wintypes.HANDLE, #HANDLE hDevice
wintypes.DWORD, #DWORD dwIoControlCode
wintypes.LPVOID, #LPVOID lpInBuffer
wintypes.DWORD, #DWORD nInBufferSize
wintypes.LPVOID, #LPVOID lpOutBuffer
wintypes.DWORD, #DWORD nOutBufferSize
ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD), #LPDWORD lpBytesReturned
wintypes.LPVOID] #LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped
_DevIoCtl.restype = wintypes.BOOL
def islink(path):
assert os.path.isdir(path), path
if GetFileAttributes(path) & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT:
return True
else:
return False
def DeviceIoControl(hDevice, ioControlCode, input, output):
# DeviceIoControl Function
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363216(v=vs.85).aspx
if input:
input_size = len(input)
else:
input_size = 0
if isinstance(output, int):
output = ctypes.create_string_buffer(output)
output_size = len(output)
assert isinstance(output, ctypes.Array)
bytesReturned = wintypes.DWORD()
status = _DevIoCtl(hDevice, ioControlCode, input,
input_size, output, output_size, bytesReturned, None)
print "status(%d)" % status
if status != 0:
return output[:bytesReturned.value]
else:
return None
def CreateFile(path, access, sharemode, creation, flags):
return _CreateFileW(path, access, sharemode, None, creation, flags, None)
SymbolicLinkReparseFormat = "LHHHHHHL"
SymbolicLinkReparseSize = struct.calcsize(SymbolicLinkReparseFormat);
def readlink(path):
""" Windows readlink implementation. """
# This wouldn't return true if the file didn't exist, as far as I know.
assert islink(path)
assert type(path) == unicode
# Open the file correctly depending on the string type.
hfile = CreateFile(path, GENERIC_READ, 0, OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_FLAG_REPARSE_BACKUP)
# MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384 = (16*1024)
buffer = DeviceIoControl(hfile, FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT, None, 16384)
CloseHandle(hfile)
# Minimum possible length (assuming length of the target is bigger than 0)
if not buffer or len(buffer) < 9:
return None
# Parse and return our result.
# typedef struct _REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER {
# ULONG ReparseTag;
# USHORT ReparseDataLength;
# USHORT Reserved;
# union {
# struct {
# USHORT SubstituteNameOffset;
# USHORT SubstituteNameLength;
# USHORT PrintNameOffset;
# USHORT PrintNameLength;
# ULONG Flags;
# WCHAR PathBuffer[1];
# } SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer;
# struct {
# USHORT SubstituteNameOffset;
# USHORT SubstituteNameLength;
# USHORT PrintNameOffset;
# USHORT PrintNameLength;
# WCHAR PathBuffer[1];
# } MountPointReparseBuffer;
# struct {
# UCHAR DataBuffer[1];
# } GenericReparseBuffer;
# } DUMMYUNIONNAME;
# } REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER, *PREPARSE_DATA_BUFFER;
# Only handle SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer
(tag, dataLength, reserver, SubstituteNameOffset, SubstituteNameLength,
PrintNameOffset, PrintNameLength,
Flags) = struct.unpack(SymbolicLinkReparseFormat,
buffer[:SymbolicLinkReparseSize])
print tag, dataLength, reserver, SubstituteNameOffset, SubstituteNameLength
start = SubstituteNameOffset + SymbolicLinkReparseSize
actualPath = buffer[start : start + SubstituteNameLength].decode("utf-16")
# This utf-16 string is null terminated
index = actualPath.find(u"\0")
assert index > 0
if index > 0:
actualPath = actualPath[:index]
if actualPath.startswith(u"?\\"):
return actualPath[2:]
else:
return actualPath
答案 7 :(得分：0)
如另一个答案中所述，使用subprocess.call可能是Windows的最佳选择。但是，直接调用“ mklink”可能会导致：
[WinError 2]系统找不到指定的文件
在Windows Server 2016上，我可以使以下文件工作：
import subprocess
subprocess.call(['cmd', '/c', 'mklink', '<path_for_symlink>', '<path_for_file>'])
根据mklink文档更改上述开关。
答案 8 :(得分：0)
尝试在Windows中创建符号链接，总是出现错误
A required privilege is not held by the client
但是用此代码创建快捷方式我成功了
import win32com.client
import pythoncom
import os
def create_shortcut(original_filepath, shortcut_filepath):
shell = win32com.client.Dispatch("WScript.Shell")
shortcut = shell.CreateShortCut(shortcut_filepath)
shortcut.Targetpath = original_filepath
shortcut.WindowStyle = 7
shortcut.save()
create_shortcut(r'C:\Users\xxx\Desktop\test.jpg',
r'C:\Users\xxx\Desktop\test.lnk')
注意：确保快捷方式以'.lnk'结尾
答案 9 :(得分：-1)
这里是包含kernel32.dll
所有方法的链接http://www.geoffchappell.com/studies/windows/win32/kernel32/api/
我在Windows xp sp3上使用了CreateHardLinkA，它有效！
导入ctypes 如果是os.path.exists（link_file）： os.remove（link_file）
dll = ctypes.windll.LoadLibrary("kernel32.dll")
dll.CreateHardLinkA(link_file, _log_filename, 0)